Singapore smart city, an island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a global financial center with a tropical climate and multicultural population. Its colonial core centers on the Padang, a cricket field since the 1830s and now flanked by grand buildings such as City Hall, with its 18 Corinthian columns. In Singapore’s circa-1820 Chinatown stands the red-and-gold Buddha Tooth Relic Temple, said to house one of Buddha’s teeth. Singapore smart city project…

How Singapore a smart city facts

Singapore is considered to be one of the world’s leading smart cities due to its extensive use of technology and innovative approaches to urban planning. Here are some facts about how Singapore is a smart city:

  1. Singapore smart city has a comprehensive network of sensors and cameras that monitor traffic, public safety, and environmental factors such as air and water quality.

  2. The city-state has implemented an extensive public Wi-Fi network, which provides free access to residents and visitors.

  3. The government has launched a range of smart city initiatives, including an autonomous vehicle trial, a smart lighting project, and a virtual assistant service that provides real-time information to citizens.

  4. Singapore is home to one of the world’s most advanced public transportation systems, which includes an extensive network of buses, trains, and taxis. The transportation system is integrated with a range of smart technologies, including contactless payment systems and real-time tracking of vehicles.

  5. Singapore has implemented a range of sustainable urban planning initiatives, including green buildings, park connectors, and a comprehensive recycling program.

  6. The city-state has a highly developed digital infrastructure, which includes high-speed broadband networks and advanced cloud computing systems.

  7. Singapore smart city has a strong focus on innovation, with a range of research and development programs focused on areas such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things.

Overall, Singapore’s focus on technology, innovation, and sustainable urban planning has helped to make it one of the world’s leading smart cities.

how is singapore a smart city

Singapore smart city projects

Singapore has implemented a range of smart city projects to enhance its urban infrastructure, promote sustainability, and improve the quality of life for its citizens. Here are some examples of projects that have already been completed and others that are planned for the future:

Projects completed:

  1. Smart Nation Sensor Platform: The Smart Nation Sensor Platform is a network of sensors and cameras that monitor traffic, weather, and environmental factors, such as air and water quality, in real-time.

  2. Beeline: Beeline is a demand-responsive bus service that uses data analytics to optimize routes and schedules, reducing wait times and improving efficiency.

  3. Virtual Singapore: Virtual Singapore is a 3D digital model of the city that provides real-time information on traffic, weather, and other factors to help city planners make more informed decisions.

  4. Smart Lighting: Singapore has implemented a smart lighting system that uses sensors to adjust the brightness of streetlights based on pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

  5. Smart Homes: Singapore has launched a range of smart home initiatives, including the Home Energy Management System, which uses data analytics to optimize energy use and reduce costs.

Projects planned for the future:

  1. Autonomous Vehicles: Singapore is planning to launch a fleet of autonomous vehicles that will operate on public roads, providing on-demand transportation to citizens.

  2. Punggol Digital District: The Punggol Digital District is a new development that will bring together businesses, researchers, and students in a hub focused on innovation and technology.

  3. Smart Water Management: Singapore is implementing a smart water management system that uses sensors to monitor water quality and usage, and to identify leaks and other issues.

  4. Smart Waste Management: Singapore is planning to launch a smart waste management system that uses data analytics to optimize garbage collection routes and schedules.

  5. Smart Traffic Management: Singapore is implementing a smart traffic management system that uses sensors and data analytics to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.

Overall, Singapore’s smart city projects focus on enhancing the quality of life for its citizens, improving sustainability, and leveraging technology to improve efficiency and productivity.

Digital Government, Smart Nation: Singapore smart city projects

Singapore Smart City land featured

 Singapore’s ambitious Smart Nation initiative is about harnessing technology to stay ahead as a global city and to improve lives and livelihoods for all.

What Is Smart Nation?

Through the Smart Nation initiative, we aim to make Singapore “an outstanding city in the world…for people to live, work and play in, where the human spirit flourishes.”1 To achieve this, we have to apply technology systematically and extensively, rather than in a piecemeal manner, to improve the lives of our people.

But first, why does Singapore need to be a Smart Nation? Growth in two main factors of production drove Singapore’s growth in the first 50 years: our labor force and capital investment. As our population ages and the inflow of immigrants slows (given our finite physical space), labor as a factor of production will grow more slowly. Consumption as a percentage of GDP will also likely rise relative to investment as Singapore’s population ages. The main contribution to growth and prosperity will have to be total factor productivity, which could be achieved through a mix of technology and better business processes.

Besides continuing to build prosperous and flourishing lives for Singaporeans, Smart Nation can be a reason why home-grown talent would want to continue living here, and why foreign talent would want to relocate here. This is the magnetic pull exuded by the world’s leading cities, such as New York, London, San Francisco, Shanghai and Tokyo.
Smart Nation is also necessary to accelerate the process of integrating technology into our collective efforts to improve lives, lest Singapore falls behind relative to other global cities. Modern-day classrooms, hospitals and workplaces; the very concepts of retirement and a pension; the city in its horizontal spread (trains and cars) and vertical reach (elevators)—these improvements to human wellbeing were enabled by the first and second Industrial Revolutions. The nature of all these will shift again as the technologies of the fourth Industrial Revolution change our lives. The first two Industrial Revolutions allowed us to automate menial, physical chores. The third and fourth Industrial Revolutions are allowing us to automate even more of such tasks, and to devote a greater proportion of our lives to meaningful, enriching activities. To give a personal example: it used to be that vacations could be a stressful experience, because of the unfamiliarity with a new environment. These days, with Google Maps and review sites, traveling has become much less anxious and a lot more enjoyable.

Smart Nation: What It Takes

Building a Smart Nation is a whole-of-nation effort that can be thought of in terms of three pillars: Digital Government, Digital Economy, and Digital Society. The first pillar, led by the Smart Nation and Digital Government Group (SNDGG), involves agencies across the Public Service. The Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) leads work for the other two pillars. Other articles in this issue discuss Digital Economy and Digital Society, so this article will focus on Digital Government. Unlike in many other countries where innovation and the application of technology are driven by the private sector, in Singapore, the Government has traditionally set the pace. We expect digitalizing the Government will set in motion deep changes that will spread to the private and people sectors.

Where is Singapore Today with its digital transformation?

When it comes to Digital Government, Singapore is fortunate to be building on strong previous efforts. Our digitalization journey started about three decades back, with the National Computerisation Programme in the 1980s. Led by the National Computer Board (now the Government Technology Agency or GovTech), the Programme focused on automating data, processes, and systems. By the 2000s, we had shifted to providing government services online, first as websites, and then as phone applications when mobile phones exploded in popularity. Since the 2010s, we have been focusing on making our services more integrated and experimenting with different approaches to being citizen-centric. Heading into the future, we are off to a good start. Most transactions between citizens and the Government today can be done online, and integrated apps that reduce the time taken to fulfill inter-agency requests have been growing in number. But such efforts have been sporadic or agency-led. A central, coordinating entity can accelerate the process, which was why SNDGG was formed in May 2017. Soon after our formation, we launched five Strategic National Projects: National Digital Identity, E-payments, Moments of Life, Smart Nation Sensor Platform, and Smart Urban Mobility. Most of these are digital platforms, upon which more use cases can be explored over time. In the course of the next two years, we have gone further than just having more projects and systems. We have also put in place policies and strategies, processes, and organizational structures; we have also recruited and groomed talent to systematically exploit digital technologies and to sustain the momentum in the longer term. Collectively, these efforts will drive the Government to become digital to the core.

Smart Nation Framework - New way of working and thinking

In the past, other than in agencies that have a heavy engineering component, technology did not feature often as an agenda item in policy forums and senior management meetings in the Government. This is shifting. Policymakers are increasingly taking responsibility for technology. For instance, all public agencies now have a role to play in achieving targets set out in the Digital Government Blueprint (DGB). Two such targets aim to achieve 75% to 80% citizen and business satisfaction levels with government digital services. We have made some progress in achieving these goals. Between 2017 and 2018, the score for citizen satisfaction rose from 73% to 78%, while the score for business satisfaction rose from 64% to 69%. The DGB targets are ambitious but not unrealistic. For this reason, the DGB is a living document, so targets may be revised as we plan further digitalization initiatives. For example, we will be updating the DGB when the National AI Strategy is ready later this year.

Digital Govt Blueprint

SNDGG has also been working with all Ministries to develop comprehensive plans for digitalization. The first round of plans, completed in June 2018, was useful in quickly identifying “no-regrets” digital initiatives that Ministries felt would be high in impact. Some of the initiatives, such as the Ministry of Home Affairs’ digitization of death registration and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources’ automated meter reading infrastructure that enables near real-time information on water consumption patterns, will significantly improve service delivery and how agencies operate.

However, the first round of plans was ultimately a list of projects. From 2020, Ministries will include digitalization planning in their strategic planning cycle, so the plans are linked to and support the Ministries’ missions. Integrating with the strategic planning cycle also means resourcing, data requirements, and capability development will be simultaneously considered.

In addition, Ministries will be encouraged to explore digital technologies beyond application development, such as artificial intelligence (which allows more personalized and anticipatory services), data analytics (which allows more evidence-based and data-driven policymaking), and Internet of Things (IoT) or smart systems (which will go much further in creating a good living environment in Singapore). An agency that has made good progress on this front is the Ministry of Manpower, which has deployed cameras and sensors to improve the monitoring and enforcement of workplace safety at construction sites.

Key Milestones - Starting from the Top

Policies and strategies, however well laid, can only have a chance of success if processes and structures are designed to facilitate the harnessing of technology.

For example, we are witnessing a paradigm shift where agencies are beginning to see technology not just as an expense, but also as an investment in new strategic capability: that it is about how technology can help agencies reach topline growth (faster time-to-market for services, improved service delivery) in achieving mission objectives. This is not to say that we are not striving to be cost-efficient in using technology, but that cost-efficiency should not be the only consideration.

But even if agencies are to treat technology as a strategic capability, conventional approaches to resourcing do not allow projects to be started quickly. The traditional funding cycle takes place only once a year, and if the project proposal is supported, there is still the calling for and then evaluation and awarding of tenders. For in-sourced projects, time is needed to hire developers. To put this in perspective: it can often take longer to obtain the resources for a project than to build a prototype. In addition, the project team has to work out pricing and commit to recovering system costs, before they have even had the chance to work out requirements with users.

We are witnessing a paradigm shift where agencies are starting to see technology as a strategic capability or profit center.

Over the course of 2018, SNDGG worked with the Ministry of Finance (MOF) to revise this resourcing approach, to facilitate the Government’s exploitation of technology. MOF has now implemented a new resourcing framework to enable more agile digitalization, allowing for nimble initiation of pilots and proofs-of-concept, to test hypotheses or assumptions before scaling. To date, about 40 projects have received funding through this framework. Some interesting ideas include a computer vision-powered drowning detection system and speech-to-text software.

If we are to digitalize effectively, the process of integrating policy/ops with technology must also be improved. Good policy/ops-tech integration happens when the policy/ops communities and technologists know how technology can best be applied to achieve agencies’ missions, and work together to achieve them. The lack of policy/ops-tech integration today is reflected in anecdotes of designers and engineers complaining about “announcement-driven development”, which happens when they are committed to project deliverables—without prior consultation—by their policy counterparts. Business owners often decide on the solution before the technical team of designers and engineers has done their user research.

To improve ops-tech integration at the highest level, we have revised organizational structures. We have appointed a Chief Digital Strategy Officer (CDSO) at the Deputy Secretary level in every Ministry, to oversee delivery on their Ministry’s DGB targets and digitalization plans. The CDSO is supported by the Ministry’s CIO, to encourage management-level conversations on how technology can support business needs. The CDSO also coordinates and has clear lines of authority over the ICT and Digitalisation Steering Committees within their Ministry, which also involve agencies’ CIOs, Chief Data Officers and Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs).

Revised Gov Structure Integration

Beyond structures, policy/ops-tech integration can be achieved if policymakers lay down clearly the outcomes they want to achieve or the problems they want to solve, and then give engineers sufficient autonomy to research and come up with technical solutions. We must develop solutions that are evidence-based and driven by user research.
One of the best ways to achieve policy/ops-tech integration is through agile software development, where policy or ops officers work closely with the technical team—and in some cases, are even co-located with them—and constantly iterate their solution through testing with users. This approach to software development is gaining recognition in the public service, and together with the growing awareness that digitalization is a priority, we are witnessing an unprecedented opportunity to build an engineering culture in the public service.

A third example of a process we need more of is giving space to tech-push and whitespace projects. Tech-push goes beyond ops-tech integration and gives engineers freer rein in how to innovate. We have seen the value of tech-push: in fact, many of GovTech’s products and platforms were developed this way, without any business owner. Today, these products and platforms, such as Beeline and Moments of Life are well accepted and considered mainstream.

To structurally enable tech-push and white space innovation, SNDGG is starting a new digital experimentation and implementation unit. The unit will operate in a sandbox environment, where officers not only get to develop new products, but also test future directions for ICT policies, and try out new organizational approaches to building and running tech organizations—including in traditionally non-ICT areas such as HR and procurement. We expect this unit to model itself on how a modern tech organization should look like, and have its practices adopted by the rest of government where relevant.

The fourth set of process and structural changes that have been forged is having multi-functional, multi-agency teams to provide integrated services to citizens. The Government had previously experimented with this through the establishment of the Municipal Services Office and its OneService app, and more recently, the Moments of Life project. Unlike most task forces, which disband once they deliver a product, we need such teams to remain: because in the digital age products have to be constantly updated and upgraded beyond their “delivery” date. As a result, civil servants may increasingly find themselves part of matrix organizations, where they have a primary job, but also secondary jobs in such multi-agency task forces.

Civil servants may increasingly find themselves part of matrix organizations, where they have a primary job, but also secondary jobs in multi-agency forces.

The last example of a change in SNDGG’s organizational construct is the designation of a functional leader or professional head of the Information and Communications Technology and Smart Systems (ICT&SS) community in the Government. This functional leader is the Government Chief Digital Technology Officer (GCDTO). The GCDTO will increase the coherence and lift the standards of the ICT&SS community through the creation of common concepts of operations, common platforms and technical standards, common competency frameworks, and training, as well as a common HR scheme.

Projects and Systems showing early results

For greater coherence across the Government, SNDGG prioritizes and brings together engineering resources across Government to work on large, complex but high-impact digital technology projects. These would include the aforementioned Strategic National Projects, though agencies retain the autonomy to commission other high-impact projects that are largely within their domains and do not need whole-of-government coordination. SNDGG, working with MOF, evaluates the funding proposals for agencies’ projects to avoid duplication and to provide guidance on how to build the projects that do get approved. For example, we have developed a Singapore Government Technology Stack, and want agencies to use components in the Tech Stack when developing their systems. The Tech Stack comprises various layers of components: the bottom layers are fundamental components such as data and infrastructure, and the upper layers comprise micro-services and applications. Agencies are encouraged to use what is centrally available and customize only at the upper layers. The Tech Stack signals a departure from the way the Government has traditionally done software development. We are moving from monolithic to modular system architecture, and this saves time and effort in developing and maintaining digital services. It also greatly reduces the time-to-market for digital services since agencies don’t have to reinvent the wheel. Examples of projects built using components of the Tech Stack include the Business Grants Portal, MyCareersFuture, and Moments of Life. The Singapore Government officially adopted a commercial cloud-first policy in June 2018. We intend to migrate the majority of Government ICT systems to the commercial cloud over the next five years, as the cloud brings benefits such as access to best-in-class services for our engineers, lower hosting costs, and reduced system downtime. Collectively, these efforts will achieve greater interoperability between and coherence across Government ICT systems. Standards of use, including cybersecurity, will be uplifted. At the same time, this strikes a balance between the commonality of platforms and standards at the infrastructure layer and innovation at the application layer.

Smart Nation Projects - Building up the Community

To build a Digital Government in support of a Smart Nation, we need a sizeable bench strength of skilled engineers. In particular, we want to hire specialists or peak technical talent, and engineers with experience managing big technology projects. We need to partner with the private sector better and reach out to citizens to make sure the design of our digital products and services are informed by actual experiences and user research. Smart Nation is ultimately a whole-of-nation effort, and we need the private and people sectors to play their part also.

To attract tech talent, GovTech’s HR scheme has been revised to match the attractive salaries tech talent would otherwise command in the private sector. We are also stepping up recruitment of overseas Singaporeans who have worked in technology companies, having organized Singapore Tech Forums in the Bay Area for the past two years. Through the Forum, we share how Singapore’s dynamic tech ecosystem can support their ambition, and that there are abundant opportunities whether they join the public or private sector here. We have a Smart Nation Fellowship program that allows overseas Singaporeans who are working in the private sector to take a three- to six-month stint with us, to collaborate on digital or engineering solutions that will have an impact on people’s lives.

At the same time, we have to improve the management of tech talent within the Public Service. To this end, we have developed a common HR scheme for digital technologists, so that they can take on ICT&SS roles across different agencies to enhance their exposure and contribution. The scheme allows them to pursue leadership opportunities, either becoming a specialist or assuming a leadership role in an ICT&SS agency. A Talent Leadership Committee has been established in tandem, to more systematically grooming and plan for succession for our talents and key ICT&SS positions. The Administrative Service has also established an engineering track that allows Administrative Officers to spend more time in engineering jobs to deepen their expertise. This is modeled after the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship Scheme that allows officers more sustained stints on the ground to build deep expertise.

Our tech talent can join many agencies. SNDGG has established a Centre of Excellence for ICT&SS, comprising the C3 Capability Centre in the Defence Science and Technology Agency, the Geospatial Capability Centre in the Singapore Land Authority, and GovTech’s Capability Centres in five areas: Application Design, Development & Deployment, Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, Sensors & IoT, Government Cybersecurity, and Government Infrastructure. These Capability Centres and the talent within them have been crucial in rebuilding engineering capabilities within the government, and have been both the cause and result of the Government being able to in-source ambitious and socially meaningful digital projects.

However, given the finite size of the Government’s ICT&SS workforce, we must go beyond the public sector to raise the capabilities of our partners in the private sector. We have been increasingly open to co-sourcing and sharing our approach to software engineering with the private sector, as well as encouraging them to build applications using components of the Singapore Government Technology Stack. In October 2018, we hosted our inaugural STACK Developer Conference, which saw 1,200 attendees—more than half of whom were from the industry. The feedback for STACK was positive, with attendees appreciating the Government sharing its technology roadmaps. We are targeting an even bigger Developer Conference in 2020.

We need to partner the private sector better and reach out to citizens to make sure the design of our digital products and services are informed by actual experiences and user research.

This sharing is not one-way. Leading cloud service providers like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft are not just supporting the migration of Government systems, but sharing best practices with our IT teams and helping to train and certify them. GovTech has also come up with a Digital Technology Attachment Programme, to let our engineers gain industry exposure through a short stint with partnering companies, and a Technical Mentorship Programme that matches our project teams with local or overseas technical mentors. I am glad to report that all mentorship opportunities with Silicon Valley-based mentors have been taken up.

Finally, becoming an effective digital government demands that we reach out to our citizens. MCI has programs to raise the digital readiness of the public, and SNDGG co-creates with the public by involving them in user research for digital products, as well as getting them to test beta applications. Through a new program, Smart Nation Co-Creating with People Everywhere (SCOPE), we partner with agencies such as the People’s Association and the National Trade Union Congress, leveraging their outreach events to garner public feedback on products under development. We believe that this increases their own citizens’ feel towards these products, and makes them more inclined to use the products once they launch.

Global Emergence of Smart City

Urbanists have long considered technological trends and how they might alter the urban form. As far back as 30 years ago, variations on the smart city concept have been proposed: these include the wired city, the digital city, the intelligent city, and the ubiquitous city. The smart city is one that is driven by information and innovation. Of course, the smart city cannot be “smart” without the effective use of modern. In essence, the smart city is a comprehensive urban management model which promotes efficiency and control on the one hand, and inclusion and participation on the other. It leverages and harnesses modern technology to enable cities to function more reliably and sustainably for all residents. Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative, announced in November 2014, has garnered interest from urban planners, technologists, entrepreneurs, and public sector officials around the world. Sidewalk Labs, a New York City-based company working on smart city technologies, believes that the initiative will push Singapore “to the next level of urbanity in the digital age” (Jaffe 2016). The Wall Street Journal, remarking on the breadth of the project, has noted that “it is a sweeping effort that will likely touch the lives of every single resident in the country” (Watts 2016). Unlike more ad-hoc “smart” initiatives in other cities, Smart Nation represents a deliberate and defined government plan. According to the Smart Nation Programme Office (SNPO) which leads the initiative, the ultimate aim of Smart Nation is to “to support better living, stronger communities, and create more opportunities, for all”. Smart Nation is, therefore, an opportunity to engage meaningfully with business and civic leaders, as well as the broader public, so as to address the nation-state’s specific future needs. It is Smart Nation’s very distinctiveness from the “smart city” that gives Singapore an opening to develop its own capacity for planning urban operations for and with its citizens.

The explanation of Singapore's Smart Nation Concept

Much of the curiosity about Smart Nation comes from its subtle distinctiveness from other smart city initiatives. Because of Singapore’s unique status as a city-state, it is effectively the only city in the world that can produce a smart “nation” plan. How it will differ from efforts in Barcelona, Helsinki, Amsterdam, Seoul, New York City, and other cities at the forefront of the smart city trend remains to be seen. Is it a marketing strategy in which Singapore is the first “smart nation” by default because of its uniquely small geographic boundaries? Or, more significantly, is Smart Nation a departure from the smart city model as it has been articulated so far? The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word nation as “a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular state or territory.” The word city is defined as “a large town” (and a town is “a built-up area with a name, boundaries, and local government that is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city”). The word nation thus connotes a social concept, while the city is an organizational and management concept. While arguably only a matter of semantics, the choice of the word nation signifies an emphasis not only on Singapore’s institutions and infrastructure but also on its people. However, Singapore has arguably displayed a limited commitment to the people-centric model it articulates in communications around the Smart Nation concept and has yet to fully capitalize on the opportunity to engage residents which it represents. The Smart Nation initiative is positioned as critical to maintaining Singapore’s competitiveness and quality of life, yet it appears on the surface to be a replica of other smart city initiatives. Nevertheless, a coherent, socially engaging Smart Nation program can still be developed. It is Smart Nation’s very distinctiveness from the “smart city” that gives Singapore an opening to develop its own capacity for planning urban operations for and with its citizens.

Evolution of Singapore National Technology Policy

The smart city is not, in fact, a dramatic shift for Singapore. Singapore has been comprehensively exploiting technology to run the country: there are various systems and tools in different sectors that facilitate decision-making, improve service standards, and achieve a high quality of life for the citizens. Most importantly, Singapore has adopted an integrated approach in the planning of the country and subsequent implementations, which is smart governance at the strategic level, to begin with.
Singapore’s global leadership in technology was stimulated as early as 1981 with the formation of the National Computer Board (NCB). President Tony Tan, then-Minister for Trade and Industry, demonstrated foresight when he said: “Our success in computerization will also depend on how our general population reacts to the changes that are happening and that will continue to happen unabatedly. The computer may be a tool for professionals but it will soon be a common feature in offices, factories, schools, and the home” (1983). This crucial step, which preceded the advent of the internet and modern Infocomm technology, marked Singapore’s entry into the knowledge economy.
In 1998, the NCB was tasked with developing the IT2000 Masterplan for Singapore. Its vision was to “Transform Singapore into an Intelligent Island, where the use of information technology is pervasive in every aspect of our society, at work, at home, and at play.” By 2003, Singapore’s Economic Review Committee aimed to position Singapore as a Living Lab in which to create, test, commercialize, and deploy innovative and complex ICT solutions; its report emphasized that “ICT will be an integral part of the economy and society, that will transform the way people live, work, learn and play”. These plans were further articulated in the Intelligent Nation 2015 Masterplan. The current Smart Nation initiative again reiterates that “advances in digital technology
have opened up new possibilities to enhance the way we live, work, play, and interact.”(2016) Repetitive language aside, Singapore’s consistent focus on the adoption of cutting-edge Infocomm technology as an economic driver is clear. Singapore’s Smart Nation journey began long before the articulation of the current vision in 2014.

SMART CITY SINGAPORE

3.253 Smart Points

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